![]() There are many emerging bioprinting technologies being developed by researchers across the world to make the process more efficient and cost-effective. Companies like rainbow biosciences have developed a bioprinter called BiOassay where biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles are used to print the 3D structures and use the working principle of magnetic levitation. A scaffold is not required in this method instead only a cluster of cells (not mixed with other biomaterials) are skewered onto vertical needles to fabricate 3D tissue structures. For example, Cyfuse Biomedics has developed a technique where cells are 3D printed on a needle array. Some companies and universities have developed 3D bioprinting technologies that cannot be easily classified into widely known technologies. Laser-based 3D bioprinters deposit the bioink drop by drop, the principle is like an inkjet 3D bioprinter. Extrusion-based bioprinters are widely used and are based on the principle of depositing the material layer by layer. The 3D bioprinting technology is generally classified into three types – (i) droplet-based bioprinters (ii) extrusion-based bioprinter (iii) light-based bioprinter ( Figure 1). 3D bioprinting has several biological applications in the fields of tissue engineering, materials science, pharmaceutical drug development and validation, cosmetics testing, personalized medicine, regenerative medicine, cell-based biosensors, and bionics.Ī 3D bioprinter is an automated device that enables the development of functional tissue and organ models. The goal of 3D bioprinting is to provide alternative approaches to autologous and allogeneic implant treatments and avoid animal testing in drug studies and disease models. Several technological advancements have come up in 3D bioprinting which are mentioned in Figure 1. Over recent years, there has been a huge demand and interest in 3D bioprinting due to its potential to produce high-throughput biomimetic organ scaffolds. The three basic steps in the 3D bioprinting process are: (i) preprocessing - includes developing CAD models to develop in-vitro scaffolds or to develop organ blueprints from imaging modalities such as computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (ii) processing - produces a physical structure that mimics the organ/tissue of interest from the designed model (iii) postprocessing - improves the bioprinted organ model and scope for transplantation if required. It is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that uses computer-aided design (CAD) models to deposit biomaterials on the substrate along with living cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, biochemical cues, and drugs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has great potential in this field and was developed in the early 1990s, and has evolved ever since. Organ shortage is a severe problem worldwide due to the non-availability of donors and tissue engineering strategies enable to produce a scaffold that mimics the organ of interest. This is done primarily via developing artificial organs using natural or synthetic materials. Tissue engineering is a branch of biomedical engineering that focuses on repairing and/or replacing diseased and damaged organs. ![]()
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